Electrical and Computer Engineering

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10323/11889

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Augmented reality for multimodal ultrasound-based breast biopsy
(2025-01-01) Hassan, Yasmeen; Wiacek, Alycen; Mirza, Khalid; Li, Jia
Augmented Reality (AR) technologies have been demonstrated to enhance image-guided medical procedures by improving real-time visualization and spatial understanding. Ultrasound, in particular, is often integrated with AR due to its real-time functionality and portability. However, most ultrasound-based AR systems are limited to traditional B-mode ultrasound alone, visualizing the tissue morphology, but lacking mechanical or microsctructural properties of tissue. Newer modalities such as elastography and Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) can provide these additional properties to improve diagnosis. This thesis presents an AR platform that integrates multimodal ultrasound imaging, including elastography and QUS, into a spatially registered system for biopsy guidance. The system combines a Clarius handheld ultrasound probe with a Microsoft HoloLens 2 using Unity, OpenCV, and marker-based tracking. A Qt and MATLAB-based data pipeline supports streaming and spatial alignment of multiple imaging modes. System evaluation on tissue-mimicking phantoms showed registration errors of 2.8mm for B-mode at shallow depths, 10.8mm for B-mode in deeper tissues, and 17.0mm for elastography. Latency ranged from 159ms using B-mode to 167s for QUS imaging. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed AR platform for ultrasound-guided interventions driven by both morphology and diagnostic information, while highlighting areas for future improvement in latency and registration accuracy and provides a foundation for future innovations in AR-based multimodal breast biopsies.
Learning more from limited demonstrations: methods for efficient and informative human-robot interaction
(2025-01-01) Chen, Qinghua; Rawashdeh, Osamah A.; Rawashdeh, Osamah A. A.; Louie, Wing-Yue Geoffrey; Korneder, Jessica; Qu, Guangzhi; Wang, Yanfeng
Learning from Demonstration (LfD) offers a promising paradigm for enabling socially assistive robots (SARs) to acquire complex skills and social behaviors by observing human demonstrations. However, conventional LfD methods rely heavily on large-scale, high-quality demonstration datasets, which are difficult to obtain in realworld healthcare and education settings due to privacy, cost, and data scarcity. This dissertation addresses these challenges by proposing a series of approaches to enhance learning efficiency, improve adaptability, and maximize information extraction from limited demonstration data in human-robot interaction (HRI) scenarios.First, a hierarchical deep reinforcement learning framework is introduced that incorporates auxiliary classifier generative adversarial networks (ACGAN), dynamic experience replay strategies, and Deep Q-learning Networks (DQN) to improve learning performance without additional data. Second, a task-oriented Meta-inverse reinforcement learning (Meta-IRL) approach is proposed to enhance adaptation to new tasks by leveraging encoders and exploring transformer-based multi-head and layer feature extraction strategies. Finally, a novel framework integrating a Global Attention Mechanism (GAM) with multi-layer feature fusion and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling is developed to enrich feature representations and optimize prompt generation in few-shot learning. Experimental validation on robot-mediated therapy tasks and other datasets demonstrates that the proposed methods enhance performance under limited data conditions. Overall, this work integrates efficient learning mechanisms with personalized intervention strategies, enabling the model to acquire richer and more informative representations that enhance its performance, while contributing to the broader goal of facilitating effective deployment of intelligent SARs in data-constrained, real-world environments.
Adaptive deep canonical correlation analysis–based multimodal sentiment analysis
(2025-01-01) Liao, Yunhong; Li, Jia; Louie, Wing-Yue Geoffrey; Qu, Hongwei
Emotion recognition plays a critical role in affective computing and human-computer interaction. While physiological signals such as electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking offer valuable insights into emotional states, effectively fusing these heterogeneous modalities remains challenging due to differences in temporal scale, dimensionality, and signal characteristics. Traditional fusion methods employ fixed strategies that fail to adapt to dynamic changes in modality reliability and cross-subject variability, limiting their practical applicability.
Evaluation of human-machine interfaces with varying haptic fidelity levels in AR/VR applications
(2025-01-01) Al-Shubeilat, Fares Tareq; Rawashdeh, Osamah; Louie, Wing-Yue Geoffrey; Alawneh, Shadi
This thesis evaluates how varying haptic fidelity levels shape the user experience and performance in gesture-based touchscreen interactions conducted in immersive VR. A between-subjects design compared the four conditions: a benchmark of real-world tablet touchscreen and three VR configurations, no haptic fidelity (hand tracking only), low haptic fidelity (vibrotactile gloves), and high haptic fidelity (tactile + force feedback). The participants completed touchscreen tasks (tap, swipe, pan, pinch) and a combinational task while subjective outcomes (presence, embodiment, and system usability) and objective performance metrics were recorded. The study answers three questions: (i) whether haptic fidelity alters perceived experience, (ii) how fidelity influences task performance, and (iii) which gestures are most sensitive to the haptic fidelity. The results show that perceived metrics were indistinguishable across the three haptic fidelity conditions, suggesting high quality consistent visuals/interactions dominated over the incremental in the touch cues richness at the fidelities tested.
Blockchain-integrated smart grid architecture with FBG sensing and EKF for fault and anomaly detection
(2025-01-01) Al Dakhl, Surah Adel; Zohdy, Mohamed; Li, Jia; Monroe, Ryan; Schmidt, Darrell
The smart grid has emerged to address the shortcomings of one-way existing grid systems and is the next generation power grid infrastructure that applies smart ICT (Information Communication Technology) to existing grid. The Smart Grid is expected to greatly improve the efficiency and reliability of future power systems with the demand for renewable energy resources. However, because major power facilities are interconnected through communication networks, Smart Grids cyber security is becoming an important issue. Cyber-attacks by malicious intruders can lead to serious incidents such as massive outages and the destruction of power network infrastructure, since cyber-attacks can damage energy data, starting with personal information leakage from grid members. Therefore, as a solution to this issue we will suggest a secure smart energy management system based on the blockchain. The combination of blockchain technology, optical fiber sensors, and Kalman filters in smart grids holds great potential for the future of power transmission and distribution systems. Blockchain offers secure protection against cyber threats and unauthorized access, while optical fiber sensors provide real-time monitoring and control of electrical energy flow. The integration of these technologies leads to improved transparency in energy generation, distribution, and consumption. Extended Kalman filters are utilized to identify and minimize uncertainties in data collected from optical fiber sensors, thereby enhancing the accuracy of information used for energy management and grid control. This integration promises increased security, enhanced reliability, improved efficiency, and greater flexibility in energy management. This paper presents a comprehensive examination of the benefits and limitations of integrating blockchain technology, optical fiber sensors, and Kalman filters in smart grids.
Interface and processing circuit design for ionic liquid hydrogen sensors
(2025-01-01) LING, SHUAISHUAI; Qu, Hongwei; Li, Jia; Kaur, Amanpreet
Hydrogen detection is essential for fuel-cell safety, hydrogen storage, and leak prevention. Ionic-liquid electrochemical sensors generate ultra-low currents (pA--nA), requiring highly sensitive acquisition. This thesis work developed a precision analog front end featuring a potentiostat for stable electrode bias and a transimpedance amplifier with selectable feedback up to 1GOhm for reliable current-to-voltage conversion. Input biasing and low-pass filtering improve stability and noise suppression. Although designed for IL-based H2 sensors, the system is adaptable to other platforms requiring pico- to nano-amp current measurement.
Towards ai-driven socially assistive virtual robots for personalized early childhood education: an investigation of feasibility, usability, and parent-supervised configuration
(2025-01-01) Abbas, Ibrahim; Ganesan, Subramaniam; Rawashdeh, Osamah; Debnath, Debatosh; Qu, Harvey
This paper presents an extensive investigation into the adoption of AI-driven Socially Assistive Virtual Robots (SAVRs) in simulation-based environments for early childhood education. By integrating child-focused feasibility data (engagement, speech recognition, success rates) with parent-focused usability data (task configuration challenges, speech misinterpretations, AI clarity), we analyze how eight children (ages 3–4) and ten parents used a ChatGPT-powered simulation framework to practice counting and letter recognition at home.Child results show that 4-year-olds achieved near-perfect task completion with minimal frustration, while 3-year-olds faced more difficulties due to incomplete articulation, shorter attention spans, and repeated speech recognition errors. Parent findings reveal moderate setup complexity (40 described it as “tedious”), frequent manual overrides for speech errors (70 cited speech recognition as a major frustration), and a strong preference (80) for cost-effective simulation over expensive physical SARs, provided usability improvements are made. We explore literature on Socially Assistive Robots (SARs), child-specific speech recognition challenges, AI-based adaptive learning, and prior human-robot interaction (HRI) studies, situating our work in the context of both physically embodied SARs and simulation-based agents that increasingly fulfill similar pedagogical roles [1], [2], [3], [4]. The methodology details the CoppeliaSim environment, ChatGPT-based real-time adaptation, multi-threaded speech orchestration, and the parent configuration interface. The results section includes tables (I–III) summarizing child performance, supplemented with in-depth analysis. We then present a discussion linking child engagement patterns to parent usability concerns, culminating in recommendations for child-specific ASR, multimodal input, short session durations, wizard-style interfaces, and context-aware AI prompts. Future directions explore hybrid physical-virtual usage, specialized acoustic modeling for 3-year-olds, and scaling to larger, more diverse samples. Overall, the study addresses child feasibility and parent usability in a unified manner, underscoring how speech recognition and user-friendly design can support wide-scale implementation of AI-driven SAVRs at home.
Automated parking systems using reinforcement learning-assisted model predictive control
(2025-01-01) Alawsi, Hussein Ali; Chen, Jun; Cheok, KaC; Radovnikovich, Micho; Schmidt, Darrell
Autonomous parking remains a challenging task due to the need for accurate trajectory tracking, smooth steering, and stable heading control under diverse maneuvering conditions. Conventional model predictive control (MPC) can handle system constraints effectively, but its performance depends heavily on manually tuned cost weights. This dissertation proposes a reinforcement learning-assisted model predictive control (RL-assisted MPC) framework to improve autonomous vehicle parking performance. A Deep Q-Network (DQN) agent is trained to dynamically select the cost function weights of an MPCcontroller, enabling real-time adaptation based on the vehicle’s current state. The hybrid approach leverages the predictive optimization capability of MPC together with the adaptive decision-making of RL, enabling the controller to adjust trade-offs in real time without manual re-tuning. The framework is evaluated across five different parking scenarios and compared against static-weight MPC baselines. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that the proposed RL-assisted MPC framework achieves comparable or better lateral tracking accuracy, while consistently providing smoother steering behavior and improved heading stability compared to baseline controllers using static MPC weights. The results demonstrate that RL-assisted MPC improves robustness and generalization in automated parking systems, highlighting the potential of combining model-based predictive control with RL for autonomous driving.
Advanced deep learning to generate and detect fake images of Egyptian monuments
(2025-01-01) Alaswad, Daniyah; Zohdy, Mohamed; Ganesan, Subramaniam; Louis, Steven; Solomonson, Bill
This study examined the use of StyleGAN to create synthetic images of Egyptian monuments, addressing a critical gap at the intersection of generative artificial intelligence and cultural heritage. Through extensive experiments on a large datasetcontaining 5,000 Egyptian monument images, we show that architectural changes to the StyleGAN framework can significantly improve the quality and authenticity of the generated images. Our study contributes to the existing literature. First, we designed an enhanced discriminator architecture incorporating noise injection, squeeze-and-excitation blocks, and an improved MinibatchStdLayer, resulting in a Fréchet Inception Distance 27.5 better than that of the original model. We further introduced a novel image-text alignment approach using SigLIP, which can generate semantically guided monuments. We applied Differential Evolution (DE) to optimize the latent space of the conditional generator to reduce the alignment error by 15 for the targeted monument-generation tasks. We systematically analyzed various truncation methods used to manage noise in generated images by finding the best parameters that fit the architecture best but are also diverse. Statistical validation using bootstrap confidence intervals, McNemar’s test and DeLong’s ROC analysis show significant improvements with effect sizes in the moderate to large range (Cohen’s d ≈ 0.9-1.4) The discriminator was able to achieve 95.5 accuracy with a 5.3 false positive rate and 3.6 false negative rate. This 62 error drop was compared to the baseline. Under heavily corrupted conditions (JPEG quality = 10; Gaussian blur σ = 5.0), it achieved 78-85 of the baseline performance, whereas the default achieved 65-72 of the baseline performance. Frequency domain analysis results revealed resilience, with AUC values generally >0.95, varying by frequency. The new discriminator was approximately 20 to 25 percent more robust to adversarial attacks. However, both architectures are fundamentally vulnerable to stronger attacks. Our research shows how strategic refinements of operations models can produce representations of Egyptian monuments that attain a high-quality and satisfactory level of diversity that we can detect. Innovations can greatly help in the preservation of cultural heritage, virtual tourism, visualization, and education. This study will allow the generation of high-quality and varied Egyptian monument images, which can help in the digital conservation and easy accessibility of one of the world’s great architectural heritages.
Self-driving vehicles as high-performance computing systems – a hybrid end-device to cloud approach
(2025-01-01) ABDELHAFIZ, AHMAD FAYEZ KHALED; Ganesan, Subramaniam; Alawneh, Shadi; Nezamoddini, Nasim; Schmidt, Darrell
The rapid evolution of autonomous-vehicle (AV) technology has defined a new era of intelligent transportation systems, promising improved safety, efficiency, and scalability. However, the exponential increase in the number of onboard sensors and the corresponding growth in machine-generated data have created challenges in real-time processing, cloud dependency, and sustainable data management. Traditional centralized cloud infrastructures struggle to process this volume efficiently, motivating the need for distributed, edge–cloud hybrid computing paradigms.This research introduces a hybrid edge-to-cloud framework in which autonomous vehicles utilize their onboard supercomputers when underused or idle as distributed processing nodes. These vehicles collectively perform computational tasks such as lane feature extraction, harvesting data, HD-map generation, and update, operating as a parallel network of edge machines that seamlessly integrates with the cloud for aggregation and scalability. The proposed system demonstrates this concept through a crowdsourced HD-map creation pipeline that fuses lane level data from multiple vehicles and integrates it with open geographic information from OpenStreetMap (OSM). The system architecture includes edge-based preprocessing, cloud-based multi-vehicle fusion, and map redistribution. Each vehicle locally extracts lane features from camera and GPS data and transmits compact representations to the cloud. The cloud aligns and fuses these extractions using geometric registration, probabilistic averaging, and version-controlled map management. Experimental results on a self-collected three lane highway dataset achieved absolute accuracy of 0.98–1.15m RMSE (2σ ≤ 1.35m) and relative inter-lane accuracy of 0.11–0.13m mean |ΔW| (2σ ≤ 0.18m), satisfying commercial HD-map standards. Beyond HD mapping, this study illustrates the broader potential of autonomous vehicle data harvesting, where the collective computational and sensing power of a fleet can be leveraged for large scale tasks. The findings demonstrate that a camera-only, hybrid edge–cloud approach can achieve LiDAR comparable mapping precision on highway while significantly reducing the cost and cloud dependency, paving the way toward higher levels of autonomy within smarter and more sustainable transportation networks.
Advanced Optimization Techniques and Hybrid Microgrid Design for Solar Energy Integration and MPPT Enhancement Using Modified Firefly Algorithm
(2025-01-01) Abusaq, Mana; Zohdy, Mohamed; Abdel-Aty-Zohdy, Hoda S; Louis, Steven; Siadat, Mohammad-Reza; Ruegg, Erica
Present-day, microgrid systems, particularly systems engaging photovoltaic (PV) technologies, are gaining increasing attention as they offer promising solutions for a resilient and sustainable power demand worldwide. Saudi Arabia, with its enormous solar resources, is great positioned to embrace renewable energy alternatives. However, the southern region, particularly Najran Provenience, remains unutilized despite its significant solar potential. This thesis comprehensively investigates the design and sizing of microgrids of this area following enhancing system reliability and optimizing performance using the professional capabilities for the scientific research. The first study examines a grid-connected hybrid microgrid for the Najran Secondary Industrial Institute (NSII) utilizing the Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software. The system integrates PV, battery storage system (BSS), diesel generator (DG) and grid. In this study, the system’s reliability was assessed using the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP). The LPSP was maintained at zero, indicating no unmet load for all scenarios. The design of the grid-connected balances the technological, economic and environmental considerations, insuring the system’s resilience and cost-effectiveness. The second study shifts the focus to an off-grid system. The off-grid solar-powered microgrid interduces a novel approach for sizing the microgrid using a Modified Firefly Algorithm (MFA). This modified algorithm enhances the convergence speed and solution quality which is a significant improvement over the traditional firefly algorithm (FA). The system’s reliability was evaluated under two scenarios, with LPSP values of 0.01 and 0.1. This innovative MFA demonstrated superior performance in optimizing the sizing of the system’s components, particularly in scenarios where reliability is critical. The third study focuses on the impact of partial shading conditions (PSC) on photovoltaic systems and the effectiveness of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the performance of four MPPT techniques: Perturb and Observe (P&O), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), FA, and MFA. The results demonstrate that MFA consistently outperforms the other algorithms in tracking the maximum power point (MPP) under PSCs. Additionally, the study investigates the influence of varying load resistance on the efficiency of MPPT tracking, revealing that MFA exhibits higher adaptability and stability across different conditions. The research findings highlight the importance of employing advanced MPPT techniques to enhance PV system efficiency under challenging environmental conditions. Together, these studies enrich the deployment of renewable energy systems in Saudi Arabia’s southern regions by highlighting the potential of the advance and novel techniques in designing the methodologies of these microgrid. This research, by addressing both grid-connected and off- grid, contributes to the Saudi Arabia’s immense efforts to diversify its energy sources under Vision 2030.
Harmonic Mitigation in Power Transformers through Third Winding Current Injection
(2025-01-01) Hamadi, Abdullah; Alawneh, Shadi; Toulabi, Mohammad; Kobus, Chris J; Schmidt, Darrell
Harmonic distortions in power distribution systems present a substantial challenge to electric power systems by lowering power quality. This leads to increased power losses, reduced system efficiency, and even damage to sensitive electrical equipment. The increasing use of power electronic-based nonlinear loads and renewable energy sources has increased these challenges, prompting the development of improved harmonic reduction solutions. Traditional mitigation approaches, such as passive and active filters, suffer from efficiency limitations, implementation complexity, and high costs. This research proposes a novel transformer-based harmonic mitigation strategy that leverages current injections into the tertiary winding of a three-winding transformer to dynamically suppress harmonic distortions while maintaining stable voltage and current waveforms. The proposed method exploits the magnetic flux in the transformers iron core to mitigate harmonics at the distribution level, reducing reliance on external filtering components. A key innovation of this research is developing a controlled current injection technique that introduces compensating currents into the tertiary winding, effectively canceling phase-shifted harmonics in the primary and secondary windings. This technique reduces THD and improves overall power quality. Despite traditional filtering systems, which passively absorb or block harmonics, this active compensation method neutralizes undesired harmonic components inside the system, making it a more efficient and scalable option. A comprehensive analysis of harmonic sources and their impact on power distribution networks was conducted to establish the foundation for this research. Conventional mitigation techniques, including passive filters, active filters, hybrid filtering solutions, and phase-shifting transformers, were reviewed to highlight their benefits and limitations. A detailed MATLAB/Simulink model was developed to simulate the behavior of a three-winding transformer under varying nonlinear load conditions, incorporating core nonlinearities such as saturation and hysteresis effects. The proposed injection technique was tested in simulations to evaluate its effectiveness in suppressing harmonics across multiple frequency orders. Experiments were conducted in a controlled laboratory environment to verify the modeling results. The results indicated a considerable reduction in harmonic content, with primary winding current harmonics decreasing from 6.79 to 2.9 in simulations and 4.61 to 2.51 in laboratory testing. These findings demonstrate the proposed approachs feasibility and practical application to real-world power distribution networks. This study and its theoretical contributions provide beneficial insights into the practical application of transformer-based harmonic mitigation strategies. The approach is especially well-suited for renewable energy integration, electric car charging stations, and smart grid applications since it provides a cost-effective and scalable alternative to traditional filtering systems. This research advances transformer-based harmonic suppression solutions, which improve power quality, enhance reliability, and eliminate harmonic-related losses in current electric power systems
Highway merging control using multi-agent reinforcement learning: exploring centralized and decentralized schemes
(2024-01-01) Irshayyid, Ali Saeed; Chen, Jun; Cheok, KaC; Radovnikovich, Micho; Schmidt, Darrell
This dissertation addresses critical challenges in autonomous vehicle (AV) control, focusing on complex highway merging control during lane reduction using multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). Both centralized and decentralized approaches are presented. For the centralized approach, Proximal Policy Optimization based approach is employed to learn optimal merging policies for a fixed number of vehicles in two platoons. To scale up for the large number of AVs in a typical highway scenario, a decentralized approach is investigated, where each AV acts independently based on local observations. Furthermore, as the number of AVs in a traffic flow can vary, a self-attention network is used to handle the varying number of AVs. Several reward functions are explored and compared, including global speed, local speed, fuel consumption, and ride comfort. Novel quantitative metrics are introduced to evaluate the fairness and efficiency of the learned merging strategies. Both proposed MARL approaches consistently outperform benchmark RL method and a rule-based zipper merge strategy across various metrics, including up to 60.14% increase in traffic flow at higher speeds, among many other advantages. Finally, the generalizability of the framework is demonstrated by training the MARL model using low speed scenario and testing the learned policy using high speed scenario.
Hybrid machine learning approaches for SOC and RUL estimation in battery management systems
(2024-01-01) Hawsawi, Tarik Abdullah H; Zohdy, Mohammed A; Kaur, Amanpreet; Louis, Steven; Ruegg, Erica
With the fast development of electric vehicles (EVs), new technologies are needed to manage batteries more efficiently to optimize performance and more profound and longer battery use. A significant problem that must be solved successfully is accurate estimation of the State-of-Charge (SoC) to avoid fully discharging a battery. It shortens battery life and prolongs the time it takes to charge the battery. This dissertation introduces a new approach that uses Edge Computing and real-time predictive analytics to assess the status of EV batteries and send alerts when necessary, thus facilitating energy efficiency. The Edge Impulse platform is used to predict the Remain Useable Life (RUL) of batteries with enhanced accuracy using EON-Tuner and DSP processing blocks, enhancing computational capability and making it feasible for edge devices. Since traditional SoC estimations include tools like Kalman filters and Extended Kalman filters, which are effective but have a considerable drawback in estimating the SoC with changing battery parameters, this study proposes a multi-variable optimization method. The method enhances performance prediction after key parameters are iteratively adjusted, thus resolving the emergence hypotheses of most existing techniques. The system was designed and tested on Jupyter Notebook, and performance indicators of accuracy, MSE, and efficiency further validated the design. This study helps ensure proper energy use and long battery life for e-vehicles, which promotes clean energy use
Comprehensive analysis of physical layer performance for DSRC in NLOS V2V scenarios
(2024-01-01) Guo, Shuting; Aloi, Daniel N.; Li, Jia; Barber, Gary; Horvath, Tamas; Zhao, Hongmei
Motivated by the development of the vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, both the dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and the cellular V2X (C-V2X) involved in the radio access technologies (RATs) are experiencing extensive evolution to support advanced vehicular applications and scenarios. Both the DSRC and the C-V2X support the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communications to directly transmit and receive data between the vehicles, infrastructures, and pedestrians. In addition, the C-V2X can support the vehicle-to-network (V2N) communications via the cellular networks. However, the C-V2X suffers from the challenge in transmitting data within the permissible latency with the higher cellular network traffic load. On the contrary, in the DSRC with short-range wireless technologies, vehicles can directly communicate with each other to exchange information and to largely extend their awareness range beyond autonomous on-board capabilities. On one hand, IEEE 802.11p is more robust and mature with the large-scale field trials performed worldwide and can provide safety and service applications for the intelligent transportation system (ITS) in the vehicular communications. On the other hand, IEEE 802.11bd was proposed as the amendment to IEEE 802.11p with the evolution for IEEE-based V2X communications by enhancing the reliability, throughput, and transmission range. The contributions of the proposed work over the previous work are as follows. Firstly, extensive physical layer (PHY) metrics, containing the packet error rate (PER), packet reception ratio (PRR), output packet inter-arrival time (IAT), and output effective data rate, are sufficiently adopted to accomplish the thorough PHY evaluation which can avoid the limitation brought by the partial PHY metrics. Secondly, various multi-antenna configurations, including the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), single-input multiple-output (SIMO), and multiple-input single-output (MISO) systems, are added to remedy the incomplete analysis on antenna configurations induced by the only single-input single-output (SISO) configuration. Finally, considerably different packet sizes and modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) are discussed under the urban and highway non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios to uncover the impact of each parameter on the PHY performance which cannot be found in the fixed parameter or slightly different parameters. Some important conclusions obtained from a complete MATLAB-based PHY simulation are as follows. Firstly, the multi-antenna systems are more advantageous in reducing the PER, increasing the PRR and transmission coverage, decreasing the output packet IAT, and elevating the output effective data rate, compared to the SISO system, above the distance threshold and below the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold. Secondly, the packet size and the MCS should be adjusted simultaneously in different applications to accommodate their high-reliability, low-latency, or high-throughput requirement. Finally, the urban NLOS scenario with the lower Doppler effect is more tolerant than the highway NLOS scenario in the V2V communications due to its lower PER, larger PRR and transmission coverage, smaller output packet IAT, and higher output effective data rate.
Advanced Design and Optimization of Novel Fibonacci Switched-Capacitor Converters for Ultra-High-Efficiency DC-DC Power Conversion
(2025-01-01) Hawsawi, Mansour Zubair; Zohdy, Mohamed A; Kaur, Amanpreet; Kobus, Christopher J; Sayed, Suzan EI
The study explores the design and analysis of two DC-DC converter configurations integrated with solar photovoltaic (PV) renewable energy systems, comparing the conventional boost converter with a novel Fibonacci switched-capacitor (FSC) boost converter. Advanced Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms, including Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance (INC), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), are paired with both converters to optimize energy extraction from solar PV systems. Simulation results reveal that both converter topologies, when combined with the appropriate MPPT algorithms, effectively maximize power output from the solar PV system.The FSC converter demonstrates exceptional performance, particularly in terms of current handling and voltage regulations. Featuring a modular arrangement of capacitors and MOSFETs synchronized by the CD4007 IC, the FSC converter adapts efficiently to dynamic load changes and varying irradiance conditions, resulting in enhanced current control, minimized output voltage fluctuations, and improved voltage regulation. Integrated with the GA-MPPT algorithm, the FSC converter achieves a significant boost in output current, reaching up to 70 A compared to just 10 A for the conventional boost converter. Furthermore, the FSC design excels in reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI) and simplifies thermal management, making it an ideal solution for high-efficiency applications. Both converter topologies are validated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and hardware implementations. The hardware prototype, incorporating IRF540 MOSFETs and 22 μF capacitors, shows the scalability, compactness, and reliability of the FSC converter. The findings highlight the potential of the FSC converter in renewable energy systems, automotive applications, portable electronics, and other high-efficiency, compact systems. It positions the FSC topology as a promising alternative to traditional inductor-based designs, offering an innovative solution to address performance limitations in renewable energy conversion.
Event-triggered MPC for DC-DC Converters
(2025-01-01) Badawi, Ranya; Chen, Jun; Das, Manohar; Horvath, Tamas; Arefifar, Seyed Ali
Model Predictive Control (MPC) has been gaining popularity as a time-domain control method for power converters. Event-triggered MPC has been explored as a method to reduce the computational burden of enumeration-based MPC. Existing literature reports MPC's successful use in power converter applications but does not widely explore the use of event-triggered control in similar applications. This investigation proposes a method to utilize event-triggered model predictive control (ET-MPC) in DC-to-DC power converters to achieve significant computational savings by reducing the frequency of control updates to only when needed. The method proposed solves an optimal control problem (OCP) to generate an optimal actuating value only when an event is triggered as opposed to solving the OCP at every time step. The purpose is to reduce the computational load of an enumeration-based time-triggered MPC over a defined time-frame. The novelty of this method lies in the selection of the actuating control signal, where the control actions are selected from the optimal switching sequence as opposed to upholding the last value of the optimal actuating value as reported in prior literature. A Kalman Filter-based estimator is added to the control system to ensure accurate voltage tracking during model mismatch which commonly occurs during load transients. In this work, ET-MPC is successfully implemented on both a DC-to-DC boost and a buck converter showing significant computational savings. The performances of the conventional time-triggered MPC and the proposed event-triggered MPC are compared through simulation. The effect of the event-trigger threshold is evaluated as a tuning parameter to balance computation and control performance
Extraction of information from ai design decisions - theoretical and practical case study
(2024-01-01) Sebi, Nashwan Jacob; Cheok, Ka C; Qu, Hongwei; Nizamoddini, Nasim; Cesmelioglu, Aycil; Oweis, Sami
In recent years, the emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized numerous fields [1], such as the healthcare and automotive industries, and the technologies that use AI have become part of our daily routines. This surge in AI use in different fields has raised many issues because of a lack of transparency regarding the black-box nature of the AI algorithms and, specifically, how the neurons of the neural networks in the AI algorithms interact to conclude outcomes [2]. This problem is especially notable in the automotive industry, where AI vehicles increasingly integrate AI into their systems, especially the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), to improve safety and driver convenience. For engineers, consumers, and regulators, its essential to understand the reasoning behind AI decision-making for many reasons. Accountability, among many other reasons, is considered significant in this context; for example, who will be responsible for accidents when they happen? Is it the person behind the steering wheel or the car maker? [3]. Because of those reasons, the significance of revealing the AI decision-making process by extracting information from AIs decision-making algorithms cannot be overstated, especially in the context of ADAS and, more specifically, in Rear-End Collision Avoidance (RECA) systems. This thesis is broken down into several sections: 1. We trained a reinforcement learning agent to operate a Rear-End Collision Avoidance (RECA) System using the Reinforcement Learning toolbox of MATLAB [4]. We used the code and Simulink model of the example of the Collision Avoidance System (Train DDPG Agent for Adaptive Cruise Control) in the Reinforcement Learning toolbox in MATLAB [5] and the car dynamics of the example of the Adaptive Cruise Control System Using Model Predictive Control in the Model Predictive Control Toolbox in MATLAB [6]. Then, we modified that examples code and Simulink model to fit my application. 2. We developed MATLAB code to extract the trained agent from the Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm. 3. We verified the extracted RL agent by simulating it using Simulink and then without the RL agent to confirm its necessity for the RECA system. 4. We formulated the mathematical relationship between the trained agents inputs and output by fitting it to a Linear Regression Model (LRM) using a MATLAB function called fitlm [7]. 5. We verified the LRM by simulating it using Simulink. 6. We used two scaled robotic cars to verify the LRM to confirm the reliability of the extracted information. 7. We analyzed the LRM using the State Space Control technique to determine the basis function and better understand the foundation control law of the RL algorithm. 8. In the last part, we verified the basis functions formula by simulating it using Simulink and then simulating it by excluding some of the basis functions as an extra step to confirm the necessity of all the basis functions in the set. This in-depth theoretical and practical analysis is a significant step towards unraveling the ambiguity of AI algorithms in different fields, especially in the automotive field, by shedding light on the black box of AI algorithms and complex decision-making processes of AI.
An AI-driven strategy for non-invasive fault detection: techniques, applications, and innovations
(2024-01-01) Lee, Hoon; Cheok, Ka C; Manohar, Das; Chen, Jun; Lipták, László
This paper will provide a non-invasive fault detection solution with Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. The system uses already available information to collect visual, audio, and vibration data for diagnostics. Because the early signs of fault are numerous, subtle, complex, and difficult to classify and detect with mathematics and signal processing, the collected diagnostic data will be processed and analyzed for unique patterns and features to be used as input to AI tools. These features will be used to train the AI tools (Alexnet, Googlenet, Hybridnet, Yamnet, LSTM, Fuzzy Logic). The subtle characteristics are learned through training; when completed, the trained AI tools can detect them in real time. Each collected data will be classified as a fault with a soft value between [0-1]. Some faults are better detected by visual images than by vibration or audio, while others are better with audio and/or by vibration because the fault is embedded deep inside a machine. For example, an Instrumental Panel (IP) showing engine rpm, and a speedometer complemented by engine sound and wheel vibrations can reveal non-obvious anomalies that might not be shown solely on the IP. Sound and vibration would be able to provide the early telltale signs of anomalies inside the engine and wheels. These theories are experimented with and validated on an actual vehicle and will show that a non-invasive fault detection solution is a viable solution to early fault detection
A unified framework for multi-level control and multi-objective optimization of hybrid campus microgrids: integrating adaptive mpc, modified firefly algorithm, and homer simulations
(2024-01-01) Alhawsawi, Edrees Yahya; Zohdy, Mohamed A; Hanna, Darrin; Louis, Steven; ElSayed, Suzan
Hybrid microgrids have become an essential solution in integrating renewable energy sources into campus energy systems, addressing sustainability, reliability, and energy efficiency challenges. In this dissertation, I explore a comprehensive framework for controlling and optimizing hybrid microgrids, specifically focusing on the combination of solar PV, wind turbines, Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems, and Battery Storage Systems (BSS) in a university campus setting. Traditional control strategies often fall short when dealing with the dynamic and intermittent nature of these renewable sources, necessitating advanced optimization and control techniques. To address these limitations, this research first examines the design and operation of hybrid renewable energy systems through a case study at Oakland University, utilizing HOMER software for simulations. This case study demonstrates the effectiveness in balancing key performance indicators, such as Net Present Cost (NPC), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), and environmental impact. The optimized system configuration illustrates how hybrid microgrids can significantly reduce energy costs while enhancing sustainability in campus applications. Furthermore, I propose a Modified Firefly Algorithm (MFA) to optimize hybrid microgrid operations by solving multi-objective problems, including cost minimization and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. The MFA was specifically adapted to improve the efficiency of energy management systems (EMS) in microgrids by dynamically adjusting the optimization parameters. The algorithm outperformed traditional optimization techniques, offering superior results for complex multi-objective problems in hybrid microgrids. Additionally, this dissertation develops a multi-level control framework for hybrid microgrids, incorporating Adaptive Model Predictive Control (MPC) communication. The Adaptive MPC leverages predictive modeling to dynamically adjust control actions based on real-time data, optimizing power dispatch across the various energy sources and storage systems. This integration ensures reliable and efficient communication between distributed energy resources, improving system stability and performance under fluctuating conditions. This research provides valuable insights into the optimization and control of hybrid microgrids, demonstrated through real-world case studies and modified algorithmic approaches. The proposed methodologies cover more efficient, reliable, and sustainable energy systems in campus microgrids, offering a robust framework for future developments in smart grid technologies

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