Theses and Dissertations

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2-D MODELING OF MOISTURE AND HEAT DIFFUSION IN ADHESIVELY BONDED JOINTS
(2021-11-15) Gerini Romagnoli, Marco; Nassar, Sayed A.; Yang, Lianxiang; Gu, Randy; Dembinski, Roman
In this dissertation research, a novel two-dimensional model is proposed for adhesively-bonded Single Lap Joints (SLJ) under combined mechanical loads and moisture/heat diffusion. Governing partial differential equations of the constitutive stress-diffusion model are formulated and solved numerically. Various scenarios for individual and combined diffusion of moisture and heat through the joint substrates and directly into the adhesive layer are analyzed. The resulting location-dependent material model is fed into the governing partial differential equations. Shear and peel stresses in the adhesive layer are investigated. Results are presented, with a focus on the improvements brought by the capability of the proposed model to predict the effects of diffusive patterns that are perpendicular to the axial tensile-shear load.Moisture diffusion across the joint width is found to have a significant effect on the shear stress distribution for structural epoxy adhesives with high elastic modulus. Numerical comparison with a linear Finite Elements Analysis is provided. Material properties are derived from experimental testing of commercially available two-component epoxy and polyurethane adhesives. This document is organized as follows: Chapter One "Introduction and Literature Review" includes a description of the analytical, numerical, and experimental work that serves as foundation for this dissertation. A previous one-dimensional analytical model is revised, and the motivations driving this research effort are illustrated. Chapter Two "Modeling of Heat and Moisture Diffusion" lays the groundwork for the analysis of diffusive patterns in the joint substrates and in the adhesive layer. Multiple scenarios of moisture and heat diffusion are explored, and their effect on the elastic properties of the adhesive is investigated. Governing partial differential equations are derived, and solution strategies are discussed. Chapter Three "Elastic Model" includes the formulation of coupled stress-diffusion partial differential equations for the shear and peel stresses in the adhesive layer, resulting from the application of an external tensile-shear load on the two adherends. Equilibrium considerations, stress-strain, and strain-displacement relationships are used to generate the constitutive equations, with adequate assumptions and simplifications. Chapter Four "Elastic Modulus of Structural Adhesives: Relationship to Bulk Material Temperature" contains the experimental procedure and results for the bulk adhesive tests. The elastic moduli of two-component epoxy and polyurethane adhesives are measured using a DMA Q800, and a linear law relating temperature to material properties is inferred. Chapters Five, Six, and Seven present the results of the shear and peel stress models for adhesive joints subjected to two-dimensional moisture-only, heat-only, and combined moisture/heat diffusion, respectively. A convergence study is performed on the two-dimensional solution to the heat equation governing moisture and heat diffusion in the adhesive layer. Stress gradients along the length and width of the bondline are analyzed, and the results are compared to the previous one-dimensional coupled stress-diffusion model. The results of the two-dimensional model are compared with a Finite Elements Analysis in Chapter Eight "FEA Comparison". Chapter Nine "Conclusions and Future Work" summarizes the major findings of this dissertation research, and outlines the potential for future work.
A Case Study Of The Role Of Universal Design For Learning In Impacting Teacher Professional Development And Instructional Design
(2022-05-06) Wozniak, Carrie Marie; Johnson, Eileen; Martin, Robert; Flummerfelt, Shannon
Educators continue to try to address the many different learning styles, disabilities, and intelligences of the students who enter their classroom. With each new year, the ask of our teachers becomes greater. Consequently, designing instruction from the start that addresses the many differences found in a classroom is a challenge for educators. Therefore, professional development centered around creating a flexible learning environment that reaches many types of learners has become the new expectation. The purpose of this mixed method case study was to understand the impact of professional development using the Universal Design for Learning framework on changing teacher practices, and thereby increasing perceived student engagement at three local middle schools.The findings of this study were analyzed through the lens of four data sources: Teacher Focus Groups, Teacher Lesson Plans, Teacher Formative Assessments - Understanding the Role of Lesson Design, and the Technology Usage Perception Survey. My study revealed the challenges that teachers had with identifying students' unique learning needs and shows the importance of schools having a systemic learning framework. Teachers understood the importance of student engagement and good instructional design; however, designing the lessons to create a learner-centered classroom required them to completely rethink their lesson design process. This study concludes with recommendations for redesigning professional development, job embedded coaching, and systemic implementation of the UDL framework within a school district.
A HYBRIDIZED DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN SCHEME FOR THE COUPLED STOKES-DARCY FLOW AND TRANSPORT
(2022-03-22) Pham, Dinh Dong; Cesmelioglu, Aycil; Cheng, Eddie; Horvath, Tamas; Schmidt, Darrell; Shillor, Meir
The main focus of this thesis is on finding highly accurate and robust numerical methods to solve a complex flow and transport problem governed by the fully-coupled time-dependent Stokes-Darcy-transport equations. This problem has many applications one of which is groundwater contamination by pollutants transported via surface/subsurface flow. It consists of two main ingredients; the time-dependent Stokes-Darcy equations describing the flow, and the time-dependent advection-diffusion equation for the transport of chemicals via this flow. Therefore, the first part of this thesis is dedicated to studying the time-dependent Stokes-Darcy problem that describes the free flow and porous media flow on two different parts of a domain and their interaction at the common interface. We introduce a hybridized discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method which provides exact mass conservation and pressure robustness and handles the interface conditions via facet unknowns. We prove well-posedness and a priori error estimates in the energy norm, and provide numerical experiments that show optimal convergence and robustness of the method with respect to the problem parameters. The second part deals with the time-dependent advection-diffusion equation where we again use an HDG method for the spatial discretization. We show the existence and uniqueness of the semi-discrete transport problem and prove a priori error estimates in the energy norm. A number of numerical experiments are presented for different boundary conditions and we observe optimal rates of convergence in each case. Combining the two parts by a sequential algorithm, we solve the fully coupled time-dependent Stokes-Darcy-transport problem. The coupling of the flow and transport is introduced by the dependence of the fluid viscosity and source/sink terms on the concentration and by the dependence of the dispersion/diffusion tensor in the porous media domain on the advective fluid velocity. Our sequential algorithm employs a linearizing decoupling strategy based on the backward Euler time-stepping where the Stokes-Darcy and the transport equations are solved sequentially by time-lagging the concentration. The well-posedness results and a priori error estimates for the velocity and the concentration in the energy norm are presented and numerical examples demonstrating optimal convergence and mass conservation are provided.
A META-HEURISTIC ALGORITHM BASED ON MODIFIED GLOBAL FIREFLY OPTIMIZATION: IN SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORKS WITH DEMAND UNCERTAINTY
(2022-03-15) Altherwi, Abdulhadi; Zohdy, Mohamed; Malik, Ali; Edwards, William; Cho, Seong-Yeon; Alwerfalli, Daw
Nowadays, many challenges affect global supply chain networks including disruptions, delays, and failures during shipment of products. These challenges also incur penalty costs due to customers’ unmet demands and failures in supply. In this dissertation, the model was developed as a multi-objective supply chain network under two risk factors including failure in supply and unmet demand based on three different scenarios. The objective of scenario I was to minimize the total expected transportation costs between stages for each supply chain and penalty costs associated with shortage of products. Supply chain with no failure in supply will communicate with supply chain with failure to deliver its product to the final customer. For scenario II, the objective was to maximize the profits of the supply chain that face extra inventory. This supply chain with surplus products will collaborate with supply chains with shortage of products to prevent any undesirable costs associated with extra inventory. The objective of scenario III was to develop a multi-objective function, which maximizes the profit and minimizes the total costs associated with production, holding, and penalties due to supplier failure of raw materials. Once a supply chain faces failure in supply of raw materials, other supply chains with no supply failure will collaborate to prevent any associated costs. This research investigates the applicability of the Modified Firefly Algorithm for a multi-stage supply chain network consisting of suppliers, manufacturers, storages, and markets under risks of failure. Commercial software cannot obtain the optimal results for these problems considered in this research. To achieve better findings, we applied a Modified Firefly Algorithm to solve the problem. Two case studies for a pipe and a steel manufacturing integrated supply chain demonstrated the efficiency of the model and the solutions obtained by the Firefly Algorithm. We used four optimization algorithms in ModeFRONTIER and MATLAB software to test the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The results revealed that when compared with other four optimization algorithms, Firefly Algorithm can help achieve maximum profits and minimizing the total expected costs of supply chain networks.
AN INTERACTIVE ECOSYSTEM OF MUSIC LEARNING: INDIVIDUAL LEARNING IN SMALL GROUP CONTEXTS IN A MUSIC CLASSROOM
(2022-03-17) Grekin, Joshua David; Wiggins, Jacqueline H; Ricks-Doneen, Julie; Oden, Sherri L; Shambleau, Krista; Carver, Cynthia
In this qualitative study, I explored the relationships between individual and group learning in the context of music ensembles in the classroom. I sought to understand how groups and individuals construct and develop identities and search for power in this context and how the self-esteem, efficacy, and productivity of groups and individuals may be related. As a teacher-researcher (Kincheloe, 2003) in an interactive, interconnected multi-age, constructivist learning environment (Brooks & Brooks, 2001; Fosnot, 1996; Wiggins, 2015) where learners and groups of learners were encouraged to share ideas and knowledge, I examined the musical community from multiple perspectives; focusing separately on the entire school community, small musical ensembles, and individual learners. The relationships among these perspectives, and the experiences of these individuals and groups were the primary focus of this study. Data consisted of extant videos, audio recordings, teacher observation notes, and informal interviews, and were analyzed through a process of identifying and categorizing emergent themes. The findings of this study enabled me to conceptualize the entire musical community at the school as a constantly evolving ecosystem in which every individual and group was influenced by the evolution of the entire ecosystem, and the evolution of the entire ecosystem was influenced by every individual and group. Through this lens, musical groups and musical communities are seen as cohesive and developing entities separate from, and interacting with the individuals who constitute them. Further, I found that ideas, understandings, resources, and innovations resided within the ecosystem and that a robust, multi-perspective awareness of the ecosystem, both in its entirety and of its individual parts, by the learners and music teacher, positively influenced self-efficacy, creativity, development, and growth.
AN OPTIMAL ASYNCHROPHASOR IN PMU USING SECOND ORDER KALMAN FILTER
(2021-11-15) Alqahtani, Nayef Mohammed S; Zohdy, Mohamed; Ganesan, Subramaniam; Kobus, Christopher; Elsayed, Suzan
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) are very costly according to energy regulator and utility companies. Utility operators work on alternative solutions to reduce the error rate and operation costs of PMU. In this paper, we sought to optimize the PMU to reduce the level of error using Second-Order Kalman Filter (SOKF). Consequently, this optimization is based on minimizing the number of errors when receiving the signal from access points or from the main access point. We derived a simple mathematical model to estimate the phase coming from the PMU.PMUs provide Global Positioning System (GPS) time stamped synchronized measurements of voltage and currents with the phase angle of the system at certain points along the grid system. Those synchronized data measurements were extracted in form of amplitude and phase from various locations of the power grid to monitor and control the power system conditions. A PMU device is a crucial part of the power equipment in terms of the cost and operative point of view. However, such ongoing development and improvement to PMUs' principal work is essential to the network operators to enhance the grid quality and the operating expenses. A MATLAB model was created to implement the proposed method in the presence of Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise. It is based on an Asyncrhophasor technique resulting in a phase error minimization when receiving the signal from access point or from the main access point. The results show the proposed SOKF method outperforming the existing model as tested using Mean Square Error (MSE). The SOKF method was replaced with a synchronization unit into the PMU structure to clarify the significance of the proposed new PMU. This paper's proposed method leads to lower costs and less complex techniques to optimize the performance of PMU using SOKF
A Bayesian Network Based Approach Toward An Anticipatory Safety Reasoning System Autonomous Vehicle Copilot
(2022-11-17) Frederick, Philip A.; Cheok, Ka C; Das, Manohar; Sengupta, Sankar; Lipták, László; Del Rose, Michael; Kania, Robert
Future ground vehicle transportation is expected to rely heavily on autonomous mobility. However, the technical progress required to ensure a completely safe autonomous vehicle for unlimited roadway use, and reliable ways to measure its safety, is behind expectations. It is believed that a research breakthrough is required to address this gap. This dissertation defines a novel method for addressing on-road autonomous vehicle safety, explicitly focusing on unsignalized intersections. A method is described to generate an anticipatory safety copilot to assist the autonomous system with motion decisions by combining data collected from global online sources and the local autonomous vehicle sensors. This anticipatory copilot reasons about the environment around the autonomous vehicle and projects the vehicle's real-time motion intent forward into a projected future version of the environment created via features from the combined local and global source information. Based on this processed information, the copilot anticipates the probabilistic success of the autonomous vehicle safely executing its intended action.
Benzodiazepine Coordination Chemistry And Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds From Reactions Of Carbonyl Alkynes With O-Phenylenediamines
(2022-07-19) Twardy, Dylan Joseph; Dembinski, Roman; Beyeh, Ngong; Chavez, Ferman; Wheeler, Kraig; Yang, Ziming
The presence of heterocyclic compounds in active pharmaceutical ingredients and natural products implicates their importance to synthetic chemistry. Moreover, their inherent structures offer potential as metal-chelators. This work involved the design of simple methods for the construction of new nitrogen-containing heterocycles and to explore examples of coordination complexes. Benzodiazepines and their derivatives are biologically active heterocycles often prescribed as a treatment for anxiety, epilepsy, and insomnia. In addition, benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolines are another class of biologically active heterocycles that are composed of moieties inherent to a wide variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Herein, the microwave-assisted reaction in ethanol of o-phenylenediamines with either alk-2-ynones or 2-ethynyl benzaldehydes was found to yield 1,5-benzodiazepines and benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolines, respectively. To facilitate selective coordination of benzodiazepines, new pyridine containing 1,5-benzodiazepine chelators were synthesized and combined with metal reagents to form new benzodiazepine metal complexes characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Best Practice Analgesic Management for Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Procedures at Corewell Health East - Royal Oak
(2023-08-07) Murphy, Kelsey Elise; Franzen, Paulina; Shannon, Lori DNAP, CRNA; lshannon@oakland.edu
Background: Non-opioid analgesics and analgesic adjuncts have been used successfully in a variety of surgical procedures, including minimally invasive gynecologic procedures that elicit pain via uterine muscle cramps. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered the gold standard in the treatment of pain caused by uterine cramping. Additionally, research shows analgesic benefits of IV magnesium sulfate and acetaminophen. Purpose: The purpose of this DNP project was to evaluate the current analgesic practice of perioperative opioid administration for minimally invasive gynecological procedures at Corewell Health East - Royal Oak. Additionally, an examination of whether opioid administration or non-opioid analgesia is considered evidence-based best practice for minimally invasive gynecological procedures. Methods: Data on analgesic medication administration during hysteroscopy and/or dilation and curettage procedures was collected through a retrospective electronic medical record review of 59 patients. Data pertaining to patient age, type of surgical procedure, timing of analgesic medication administration and dosages were considered. Results: Findings demonstrate that the average dose of fentanyl administered was 45.34 micrograms. There is no statistically significant difference in opioid administration between different phases of anesthesia, dosage of fentanyl between different age groups, or between procedures. Conclusion: Current literature advocates for minimizing opioid administration, while supporting effectiveness of non-opioid analgesics, such as NSAIDs, magnesium sulfate and acetaminophen for the treatment of mild to moderate pain caused by uterine cramping following minimally invasive gynecological procedures.
CALLED TO THE CONVERSATION: A DIGITAL ETHNODRAMA EXPLORING COLLISIONS OF CALLING AND SHADOW ACROSS A COHORT OF JOURNEYS INTO PROFESSIONAL MUSICIANHOOD
(2021-11-17) Sievers-Hunt, Tara S.; VanderLinde, Deborah; Hogle, Lauri A.; Martin, Robert
Called to the Conversation is a digital ethnodrama in three movements. It is the final research product resulting from a series of interviews with nine graduates of a small liberal arts college in Detroit as conducted by their former professor. This dissertation study arose from the question: How might the curriculum of a college music department be meaningfully informed by examining the musicianship journeys of its alumni?While transcribing and exploring the nuclear episodes (McAdams, 1997), stop moments (Fels, 2019), and narrative and resonant threads (Clandinin, 2013) from these participants’ interviews, I discovered that a calling to professional musicianhood (Ansdell, 2016) leading to the pursuit of an undergraduate voice performance degree enkindled a narrative structure similar to a hero’s journey (Vogler, 2020; also Campbell, 1949/2008; Ford, 2000; Frankel, 2010). Specifically, I focused on how the interaction between a Call to Adventure (crossing the Threshold into the Otherworld of higher music education) and their Shadow fear culminated in an Ordeal to be faced before leaving the Otherworld. Methodological, structural, and artistic-theatrical influences behind this work have created a bricolage (Kincheloe, 2005; Berry, 2015) of narrative inquiry (Clandinin, 2013; Riessman, 2008), performative ethnography (Denzin, 2003), currere (Pinar, 2019), a/r/tography (Irwin & Springgay, 2008; Leavy, 2009, 2013), verbatim rhythmic transcription, ethnodrama (Saldaña, 2005, 2011a), digital storytelling (Lambert & Hessler, 2020), digital performance (Dixon & Smith, 2007), and narrative monologue—all grounded in a paradigm of critical constructivism (Brooks & Brooks, 1999; Claxton, 1996; Fosnot, 2005; Freire, 1970/2018; Gay, 2018; Kincheloe, 2003, 2005; Ladson-Billings, 2009; McLaren, 2017), a philosophy of musicking (Small, 1990/2016, 1998), and a sense of relational ethics (Clandinin et al., 2018; Ellis, 2007). Engaging the processes of research and artistic creation as an a/r/tographical bricoleur (Irwin et al., 2018; Kincheloe & Berry, 2004; Pinar, 2004a) revealed new understandings of lifelong learning as a self-authoring process (Baxter Magolda, 2004, 2009) —a life curriculum into professional musicianhood. This work poses a number of questions to spark reflective conversations (Renshaw, 2007) about making space for student-musicians’ theories of musicking (Small, 1990/2016, 1998) and their subjective experience within official and operational curricula (Mayes, 2010).
CELLULAR 5G AND V2X ANTENNAS DESIGN FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
(2022-03-14) Khalifa, Mohamed Osman Hussein; Aloi, Daniel N; Kaur, Amanpreet; Cheng, Eddie; Azadegan, Reza
The work presented in this dissertation involves investigation and development of antennas and antenna systems that can contribute to autonomous vehicles realization. The antennas targeted in this work are namely Fifth Generation (5G) cellular antennas and Vehicle to Everything (V2X) antenna. The studies conceived in this work followed a scientific approach which starts by accurately simulating the antennas using three dimensional Electromagnetics (EM) solver High Frequency Simulator System (HFSS) software on one meter rolled edges GND. Then antenna and antenna systems were measured on one-meter GND inside anechoic chamber and also measured either on the top of vehicle roof or at the vehicle’s windshield. Phase one of this work starts by presenting a multi-wideband branched monopole antenna that covers 5G cellular bands between 617MHz- 5000MHz. This antenna utilizes two arms and L-Shape slot structure to provide coverage for low, mid, and high 5G cellular bands and also to reject Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) frequency bands. The antenna has compact size, light weight, low cost, and excellent gain characteristics at the solid angle facing cellular base station communication towers. The design, simulated, and measured results were presented and discussed in detail. Phase two of this work uses the element developed in phase one to construct high order Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) structure in order to boost overall system throughput, capacity, and data rate. Three MIMO systems configurations were studied, the first two are 2x2 5G cellular MIMO systems with similar individual antenna elements and opposite antennas orientations whereas the third configuration is a 4x4 5G cellular MIMO system. The individual antennas performance, diversity radiation pattern, and correlation between antennas were reported and discussed for all three MIMO configurations. Phase three of this work presents a V2X cavity-backed slot antenna that can be mounted in the vehicle’s windshield or rear-view mirror. The antenna is GND independent, and it provides excellent below horizon performance allowing the vehicles to communicate with other objects of less height. The antenna can be used as a building block to implement a full V2X system that provides null-free omnidirectional coverage at V2X solid angle of interest while providing aesthetic look for the vehicle which makes it very attractive in the automotive industry. The antenna was simulated and measured, and its radiation pattern, gain, and efficiency were presented and discussed in detail.
Chinese EFL Learners' Use of Online Reading Strategies
(2019-03-10) Wu, Wen; McEneaney, John E.; mceneane@oakland.edu
Based on Afflerbach and Cho’s (2009) theoretical model of Constructively Responsive Reading on the Internet (CRRI model), this study aims to explore the patterns of reading strategies that 40 proficient, college-level, Chinese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners use while reading online. It also seeks to identify the strategies’ relations to reading comprehension. This study utilized an exploratory research design. During the study, the participants were required to complete a 30-minute reading task on a pre-selected website, followed by a comprehension assessment with 20 multiple-choice questions. During the reading task, the participants were asked to verbalize their thinking process. Both their verbalization and online actions were recorded by Camtasia. These recordings served as the primary data and then were coded using Afflerbach and Cho’s (2009) four strategy categories as the coding scheme. Following this, the coded primary data were analyzed quantitatively. The results first indicated that participants’ meaning-making strategy use dominated the whole reading process. Both the self-monitoring and text location strategies served as a supporting role in this reading task; however, the information evaluation strategy was used least often. Additionally, based on the sequential patterns of the participants’ strategy use, three different types of readers were identified: uncertain readers, exploratory readers, and strategic readers. Lastly, the examination of the relationship between strategy use, reader types, and comprehension outcome revealed that both the meaning-making and self-monitoring strategies had a strong effect on the comprehension outcome. The results also showed that the comprehension outcome was significantly different among all three reader types. The comprehension outcomes of the strategic readers ranked highest, followed by the exploratory readers and the uncertain readers. This exploratory study not only provides a quantitative assessment of Afflerbach and Cho’s (2009) theoretical framework, but also extends our understanding of online reading to a different cultural context. The findings of the study have important implications for both practice and research.
Counselor Self-Efficacy, Work Experience, And Educational Background As Predictors In Willingness To Treat And Seek Additional Training To Work With Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Clients
(2022-03-13) Russell, Tobi Y.; Taber, Brian; Leibert, Todd; Matthews, Jennifer; Fink, Robert
The aim of the research was to understand how counselor self-efficacy (CSE) influences willingness to treat non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) clients, as well as willingness to seek out training to learn about NSSI. Research has shown that NSSI clients are viewed by counselors as one of the most difficult types of clients to treat and counselors report a lack of knowledge of how to confidently work with NSSI clients. However, CSE for both community and school counselors and whether it predictswillingness to work with NSSI clients or to obtain training about NSSI has not been examined in the literature. The current study used a non-experimental, quantitative design to look at the relationship between CSE, willingness to treat NSSI clients, and willingness to participate in NSSI training. The results found significant differences between CSE and willingness to work with NSSI clients, but no significant differences between CSE and willingness to obtain NSSI training. The clinical implications, limitations and future research recommendations for counselors are discussed.
Creation and Implementation of an Intraoperative Lidocaine Infusion Protocol for Gastric Surgery
(2022-01-21) Krueger, Lindsey; Howard, Eric; Donnay, Kayla; McDonald, Linda; lamcdonald@oakland.edu
Background: The recent opioid epidemic in the United States has damaged the country’s public health system and led to devastating patient outcomes. Healthcare providers are responsible to do their part in reducing these negative consequences. Purpose: This quality improvement project aimed to develop and implement an evidence-based protocol for an intraoperative lidocaine infusion during gastric surgery. Data was collected to evaluate whether this intervention correlated with reduced postoperative narcotic use and improved patient outcomes. Methods: Baseline patient outcome data was collected through chart review on 25 patients of Dr. Verseman undergoing gastric surgery prior to protocol implementation. Subsequently, education was provided to the clinical associates of Kalamazoo Anesthesiology regarding the lidocaine protocol components and associated benefits. After implementation, provider adherence to the protocol was assessed, as well as patient outcomes for those who received all components of the lidocaine protocol. Results: Complete provider adherence to the lidocaine protocol occurred in online nine out of 76 opportunities. Overall, opioid administration was decreased in the lidocaine (protocol) group. Additionally, opioid administration was 78% lower in the lidocaine (protocol) group at 12-24 hours. Cumulative opioid administration over the first 24 hours postoperatively was 46% lower in the lidocaine (protocol) group. Conclusion: Despite knowledge of current literature and the lidocaine protocol components, anesthesia providers had a low level of adherence to the protocol, overall. Patients who did receive all elements of the lidocaine protocol demonstrated decreased consumption of opioids in the postoperative period.
Crowding Reduction And Waiting Time Analysis In Health-Care System Using Machine Learning
(2022-05-20) Hijry, Hassan Mohmmed; Olawoyin, Richard; McDonald, Gary; Edward, William; Debnath, Debatosh
In the hospital setting, the emergency room (ER) offers timely emergency care for patients and is considered the busiest department because of the urgency of cases. Emergency rooms have the highest number of patients overcrowding within any hospital; more than 50% of the patients admitted to the hospital come through the ER. Healthcare management is continuously trying to minimize wait times and optimize the hospital's allocated resources, but most ERs still suffer from the overcrowding crisis due to the stochastic arrival and random arrival distribution. Advanced techniques, such as machine learning algorithms, are useful for determining real life queue scenarios and patient flow (e.g., waiting time in queue and length of stay), which are considered measures of ER overcrowding. As such, we began by building a model to predict patient length of stay through predictive input factors such as patient age, mode of arrival, and patientÕs type of condition using three machine learning algorithms (e.g., artificial neural networks (ANN), linear regression, and logistic regression). The best model accuracy ANN resulted in an increase of 19.5% compared to the performance from previous studies. Then, the Deep Learning Model was applied for historical queueing variables to vi predict patient waiting time in a system alongside, or in place of, queueing theory (QT). Four optimization algorithms (SGD, Adam, RMSprop, and AdaGrade) were applied and compared to find the best model with the lowest mean absolute error. The results showed that the SGD algorithm achieved better prediction accuracy than the traditional approach and reduced the use of assumptions. Moreover, the model decreased the error reduction by 24% when compared to prior literature. Lastly, we proposed a model to predict the patient waiting time based on the lab test results. Multi-algorithms were implemented by using real-life COVID-19 test results data recorded during the pandemic. Among the eight proposed models, the results showed that decision tree regression performed better for predicting waiting times. Based on experiments performed in the research, this dissertation provides a guideline for waiting time analysis in the queue--not only in healthcare, but also in other sectors, considering model understandability and the feature extraction process.
Determining The Antecedents That Lead To High Conflict Domestic Disputes In Couples With Children
(2022-10-10) Anderson, Kelli Brady; Leibert, Todd W.; Matthews, Jennifer; Hawley, Lisa; Korenchuk, Jennifer
The aim of this research is to determine the antecedents that cause domestic disputes to devolve into high conflict domestic disputes in couples with children. Research in this area has focused on reactive interventions that occur once the high conflict dispute already exists, in addition to outcomes for the children involved in these disputes. However, current literature does not specifically focus in on the aspects that are present in high conflict relationships that set them apart from those who engage in the regular conflict that occurs at the end of a relationship. Participants included individuals employed as Custody and Parenting Time Specialists, who work regularly and closely with individuals embroiled in high conflict disputes. Using a qualitative, grounded theory approach, this dissertation develops a theory that identifies the antecedents that cause regular conflict to devolve into a high conflict domestic dispute. The study found that there were ten antecedent categories, which were then organized and condensed into three concepts that were either external or internal to the parties involved in domestic disputes: systemic influences, outcomes of childhood experiences, and relationship influences.
Developing, Implementing, and Evaluating a Dexmedetomidine Infusion Protocol as an Opioid Sparing Technique in Spine Surgery
(2023-06-05) Galea, Peter; Ayres, Joshua; Bittinger, Andrea; bitting2@oakland.edu
Background: Opioids have been the cornerstone treatment for surgical pain despite their negative side effects including the development of chronic postsurgical pain. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery helps to improve patient outcomes by using multimodal analgesics and limiting opioid administration. Dexmedetomidine is a sedative with notable opioid-sparing capabilities. Purpose: This quality improvement project aimed to develop and implement an evidence-based protocol that incorporated a dexmedetomidine infusion for patients undergoing spine surgery. Data was collected to analyze whether the results were consistent with the literature. Methods: Baseline data was collected prior to implementation of the protocol for 50 patients. An educational briefing regarding the protocol implementation was then completed for the anesthesia providers at Kalamazoo Anesthesiology to ensure familiarity with the protocol and benefits of dexmedetomidine as an analgesic. Post-implementation data was collected for all patients who received the full protocol correctly as well as any patients who received the correct dosage of dexmedetomidine. Results: Only 11 patients received the protocol in full while another 19 received at least the correct total dosage of dexmedetomidine. Out of all of the outcomes assessed, none reached statistical significance. However, time to rescue analgesic (p = .835) as well as PACU discharge time (p = .50) was shortest in the full protocol group. Interestingly, average opioid administration in each area was lowest among the partial protocol group. Conclusion: This quality improvement project’s results did not align with the current evidence likely in part due to lack of provider adherence. This project did however show a possibility of a decreased time to rescue analgesic and PACU discharge times which could be a reflection of a more balanced anesthetic when a dexmedetomidine infusion is utilized.
Developing, Implementing, and Evaluating an Opioid-Sparing Thyroid/Parathyroid Anesthesia Protocol: A Quality Improvement Initiative
(2022-08-01) Brainard, Cody; Roggentine, Kayla; Bittinger, Andrea; bitting2@oakland.edu
The recent scrutiny around opioid use and abuse in the United States has been alarming. As anesthesia providers, we are tasked with managing both acute and chronic pain in a variety of settings. A balanced, opioid-sparing technique has been demonstrated to be effective for a variety of different surgical procedures in the literature. In this paper, we discuss opioid-sparing anesthetics for patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid surgery. This project was completed by doing a retrospective chart review before and after the implementation of an opioid-sparing protocol. The protocol was developed from an evidence-based literature review on the subject. Primary outcomes were evaluating the protocol’s effect on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), overall pain scores at multiple stages throughout the stay in PACU, respiratory depression, and total opioid dose in morphine-milligram equivalents (MME). Secondary outcomes were time spent in PACU and protocol compliance. A total of 30 patients meeting inclusion criteria received the protocol from November 2021 through February 2022. When compared to a similar pre-intervention cohort, those that received the protocol had significantly less PONV (10% in protocol group vs. 90% in pre-protocol group). Other outcomes that were analyzed had no statistical significance. Since thyroid/parathyroid surgeries are not associated with significant perioperative pain, an opioid-sparing anesthesia for these surgeries may decrease negative outcomes associated with opioid administration.
Development and Implementation of an Intraoperative Methadone Guideline for Complex Spinal Surgery
(2022-08-01) Fobbe, Kelsey; Hart, Thomas; Glover, Toni; tglover@oakland.edu
Abstract Background: The recent and ongoing opioid epidemic in the United States has been very detrimental to the country’s overall health and has led to devastating patient outcomes. There is a responsibility on the part of healthcare providers to do their part in reducing these negative consequences. Purpose: This quality improvement project was to develop and implement an evidence-based guideline for intraoperative methadone administration during complex spine surgery. Data was collected to evaluate whether this intervention correlated with reduced postoperative pain and narcotic use. Methods: Education was provided to the clinical associates of Kalamazoo Anesthesiology regarding the guideline components and associated benefits of methadone. The guideline was implemented for all patients undergoing complex spine surgery at Bronson Methodist Hospital. At the conclusion of the implementation period, provider adherence to the guideline was assessed as well as patient outcomes for patients who received all components of the methadone guideline. Results: Complete provider adherence to the methadone guideline occurred in five out of 22 (22.7%) opportunities. A Wilcoxon test showed a statistically significant finding in patients who received methadone who reported decreased pain scores (p = .015) post-operatively. This test showed that patients who did not receive methadone reported a pain score of well over double (mean = 9.57) as compared to those who received intraoperative methadone (2.67). Conclusion: Despite knowledge of current literature and the methadone guideline components, anesthesia providers had a low level of adherence to the protocol, overall. Patients who did receive all elements of the methadone guideline demonstrated decreased consumption of opioids and pain levels in the postoperative period.
DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL SHEAROGRAPHY FOR COMPLEX DEFECTS INSPECTION
(2021-11-09) Zhang, Boyang; Yang, Lianxiang; Barber, Gary; Qu, Hongwei; Narainen, Roderigue
Digital shearography measures the first derivative of the object surface deformation, which has the advantages of high sensitivity, full field, non-contact, realtime and anti-disturbance. It is widely used in materials inspection in industry. The information acquisition methods of the first derivative distribution are mainly divided into the intensity method and the phase shift method. The intensity method is to directly obtain the first derivative phase distribution by subtracting the light intensity map. The phase shift method to obtain phase information can be divided into temporal phase shift and spatial phase shift. Most digital shearography systems are single camera based and can only capture one image every shoot. However, unpredictable defects like the narrow crack and minor flaws could induce incomplete detection due to some limitations. There are two major issues on the measurement, one is the defect with the irregular shape which is not sensitive to the digital shearography, another is the deformation made of defects that is much smaller than the resolution of cameras. Digital Shearography measures the first derivative of deformation on the object surface because the shearing direction determines the derivative direction being measured, tests using multiple shearing directions are sometimes required to detect all kinds of defects. When the deformation is long and narrow as a crack while the shearing direction is perpendicular to the crack growing direction, digital shearography has the best sensitivity. In opposite, if the crack growing direction is parallel to the shearing direction, digital shearography is not able to find it out. Irregular shape defects detection is a tough challenge for digital shearography. Another challenge is the defects that are too small for the field of view. The limited pixels can miss the defects due to the low signal to noise ratio. To increase the sensitivity of detecting minor defects, a small field of view measurement is needed but it is time consuming in a large surface area inspection. The new development can be divided into three categories: 1) Modified Michelson interferometer based dual shearing digital shearography. 2) Spatial light modulator based dual shearing direction shearography. 3) Polarized digital shearography for simultaneous dual sensitive measurement. The basic theory, optical path analysis, preliminary studies, results analysis and research plan are shown in detail in this dissertation.

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